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Liebreich Miniature Ophthalmoscope about 1870 + |
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Liebreich was born in East Prussia,
Europe in 1830. He studied there and in Berlin and received his
doctorate in 1853. He was a preparator for Helmholtz, the inventor of
the ophthalmoscope, in 1851. |
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Liebreich first described his stand ophthalmoscope in
1855. there were two short brass tubes. They were adjusted by a screw
thread. The tube near the observer had a section with a metal concave
mirror held by two double springs. This mirror was rotatable around the
vertical axis and could be removed. |
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A popular book on medical antiques, incorrectly dates Liebreich's hand held ophthalmoscope to 1855 as shown in this illustration. It was, in fact, at least five years later that the above version was transformed into the handheld version as illustrated here. |
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| Liebreich soon
ran Graefe’s clinic. Anagnostakis from Greece was training with Graefe
from 1851 to 1854. While there he came up with the idea of making the
instrument hand held with a concave mirror. Liebreich embraced this and
sketched the model he preferred in his treatise about ophthalmoscopy in
1857. In 1861 Hulke described both the small and large instruments of Liebreich. So the hand held version began around 1860 and lasted for almost 50 years. In the beginning of the 1870’s the metal mirror was replaced by glass which was free of coating in the center. So, if a Liebreich ophthalmoscope has a glass mirror, then it dates from the 1870's or later. |
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